学进去

Eudaimonia is an Ancient Greek word, particularly stressed by the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, which deserves far more attention than it has because it corrects the shortfalls (缺失）in one of the most central, but troubling words in our modem language: happiness.

When we nowadays try to clearly express the purpose of our lives，it is the word “happiness” that we commonly turn to. We tell ourselves and others that the most important principle for our jobs, our relationships and the conduct of our day-to-day lives is the pursuit of happiness. It sounds like an innocent enough idea, but too much reliance on the term means that we frequently unfairly tend to quit or, at least, heavily question a great many challenging but worthwhile situations. The Ancient Greeks did not believe that the purpose of life was to be happy; they proposed that it was to achieve Eudaimonia, a word which has been best translated as “fulfilment”.

What distinguishes happiness from fulfilment is pain. It is very possible to be fulfilled and—at the same time—under pressure, suffering physically or mentally, overburdened and, quite frequently, in an irritable (易怒的）mood. This is a slight psychological difference that is hard for the word “happiness” to capture, for it’s tricky to speak of being happy yet unhappy, or happy yet suffering. However, such a combination is readily accommodated within the respected and noble-sounding idea of Eudaimonia.

The word encourages us to trust that many of life’s most worthwhile projects will sometimes be in conflict with contentment, and yet will be worth pursuing. Properly exploring our professional talents, managing a household, keeping a relationship going, creating a new business venture or engaging in politics... none of these goals are likely to leave us cheerful and grinning on a daily basis. They will, in fact, involve us in all manner of challenges that will deeply exhaust and weaken us, provoke (激怒）and wound us. And yet we will perhaps, at the end of our lives, still feel that the tasks were worth undertaking. Through them, we’ll have achieved something deeper and more interesting than happiness.

With the word Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we are aiming for a pain-free existence—and then blaming ourselves unfairly for being in a bad mood. We’ll know that we are trying to do something far more important than smile all the time: we're striving to do justice to our full human potential.

1．What do we know about “Eudaimonia” from the passage?

A．It was first created by two Greek philosophers.

B．It has received a lot of attention from the public.

C．It still has some shortfalls that need to be corrected.

D．It was regarded as the purpose of life in ancient Greece.

2．According to Paragraph 3, happiness      .

A．is the opposite of fulfillment

B．is free from physical or mental pain

C．stresses the psychological difference

D．serves as a respected and noble life goal

3．We can learn from the passage that     .

A．aiming for happiness may lead to wrong self-blaming

B．goals that wound and weaken us result in happiness

C．challenges leading to contentment are worth undertaking

D．feeling fulfilled means we should avoid tough situations

4．The passage encourages the readers to      .

A．find fulfillment with all efforts	B．seek for a pain-free existence
C．keep optimistic whatever happens	D．balance happiness and suffering

Expressive arts therapy is a form of therapy that uses dance, drama, music, poetry, and art to enhance one's overall well－being. The arts are used to let go, _____ and to release.

People have been using the arts as tools for _____for many centuries. In the early 1940's expressive arts therapy became formally _____ and has since provided meaningful therapeutic _____ for people of all ages in a variety of treatment settings. There is no right or wrong way in the arts and clients are encouraged to be _____ with self－expression. Expressive arts therapy focuses on the _____ of making art and exploring _____ the piece means to the individual, _____ the final product.

Through the arts, people can _____ ideas and feelings that may be hard to put into words, such as negative memories and stress. It has been _____ that use of the arts can help people develop social skills, _____ anxiety, manage behavior, and increase self－confidence. A free form of expression makes clients _____ of their own work by reducing the need to compare themselves to others, an unfortunate problem seen today.

Expressive arts therapists are professionally _____. Anyone can be an expressive art therapist provided that they get the appropriate training. Knowledge in psychology is _____ to all training, but from there training _____ includes getting a master's degree in counseling with specialized instruction in implementing (实施) the art, music, poetry, and dance/movement therapeutically. Some professionals extend their _____ and obtain a PhD in expressive therapy.

_____ expressive arts therapy is unique, the clinical goal is _____ to other mental health professions. This _____ is to facilitate clients' growth and _____ change.

1．

A．admit

B．express

C．examine

D．trust

2．

A．explaining

B．proving

C．healing

D．judging

3．

A．recognized

B．relieved

C．affected

D．controlled

4．

A．results

B．experiences

C．causes

D．questions

5．

A．angry

B．bored

C．strict

D．free

6．

A．secret

B．technique

C．difficulty

D．process

7．

A．when

B．which

C．what

D．where

8．

A．as to

B．or rather

C．rather than

D．other than

9．

A．communicate

B．produce

C．reject

D．test

10．

A．offered

B．shown

C．guided

D．driven

11．

A．create

B．feel

C．reduce

D．recall

12．

A．tired

B．proud

C．afraid

D．unaware

13．

A．hired

B．served

C．awarded

D．trained

14．

A．basic

B．enough

C．impossible

D．strange

15．

A．finally

B．typically

C．luckily

D．hardly

16．

A．visit

B．life

C．education

D．money

17．

A．If

B．Although

C．Unless

D．Since

18．

A．unequal

B．friendly

C．known

D．similar

19．

A．goal

B．profession

C．clinic

D．theory

20．

A．unwelcome

B．seasonal

C．positive

D．cultural

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching one has been the inevitable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once considered suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament (装饰) to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”

Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.

Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.

1．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the first two paragraphs?

A．English-language newspapers with more arts coverage sell well.

B．Young readers nowadays enjoy reading high-quality arts criticism.

C．The criticism published in the 20th century lacked learned contents.

D．There were more arts reviews in English-language newspapers in the past.

2．Based on the third paragraph, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A．The newsprint was too cheap to make profits.

B．Not all writers were capable of journalistic writing.

C．Arts criticism was removed from the print newspapers.

D．Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.

3．Why was Cardus’s criticism no longer popular?

A．Because he mainly wrote essays on the game of cricket.

B．Because people cast doubt on his reputation as a knight.

C．Because his music criticism failed to appeal to readers nowadays.

D．Because his works were quite amateur rather than professional.

4．Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

A．The Distinguished Critics in Memory	B．The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
C．The Shortage of Literary Geniuses	D．The Newspapers of the Good Old Days

Albert Einstein’s 1915 masterpiece “The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity” is the first and still the best introduction to the subject, and I recommend it as such to students. But it probably wouldn’t be publishable in a scientific journal today.

Why not? After all, it would pass with flying colours the tests of correctness and significance. And while popular belief holds that the paper was incomprehensible to its first readers, in fact many papers in theoretical physics are much more difficult.

As the physicist Richard Feynman wrote, “There was a time when the newspapers said that only 12 men understood the theory of relativity. I do believe there might have been a time when only one man did, because he was the only guy who caught on, before he wrote his paper. But after people read the paper a lot understood the theory of relativity in some way or other, certainly more than 12.”

No, the problem is its style. It starts with a leisurely philosophical discussion of space and time and then continues with an exposition of known mathematics. Those two sections, which would be considered extraneous today, take up half the paper. Worse, there are zero citations of previous scientists’ work, nor are there any graphics. Those features might make a paper not even get past the first editors.

A similar process of professionalization has transformed other parts of the scientific landscape. Requests for research time at major observatories or national laboratories are more rigidly structured. And anything involving work with human subjects, or putting instruments in space, involves piles of paperwork.

We see it also in the Regeneron Science Talent Search, the Nobel Prize of high school science competitions. In the early decades of its 78-year history, the winning projects were usually the sort of clever but naive, amateurish efforts one might expect of talented beginners working on their own. Today, polished work coming out of internships(实习) at established laboratories is the norm.

These professionalizing tendencies are a natural consequence of the explosive growth of modern science. Standardization and system make it easier to manage the rapid flow of papers, applications and people. But there are serious downsides. A lot of unproductive effort goes into jumping through bureaucratic hoops(繁文缛节), and outsiders face entry barriers at every turn.

Of course, Einstein would have found his way to meeting modern standards and publishing his results. Its scientific core wouldn’t have changed, but the paper might not be the same taste to read.

1．According to Richard Feynman, Einstein’s 1915 paper ________.

A．was a classic in theoretical physics

B．turned out to be comprehensible

C．needed further improvement

D．attracted few professionals

2．What does the underlined word “extraneous” in Paragraph 4 mean?

A．Unrealistic.	B．Irrelevant.
C．Unattractive.	D．Imprecise.

3．According to the author, what is affected as modern science develops?

A．The application of research findings.

B．The principle of scientific research.

C．The selection of young talents.

D．The evaluation of laboratories.

4．Which would be the best title for this passage?

A．What makes Einstein great?

B．Will science be professionalized?

C．Could Einstein get published today?

D．How will modern science make advances?

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Global Cooperation

In the 21st century, we’ve seen a new trend that is pushing the boundaries of human invention and innovation—global cooperation. Scientific and technical research and development is now so complicated that no one scientist can know it all. So, increasingly, innovation is coming from the combining of cutting-edge expertise (专业知识) from different scientific fields.

There are now over 8, 000 scientific journals worldwide and it is impossible to be an expert in all areas. Therefore, in this highly specialized world, scientists, medics and engineers have to cooperate in order to innovate. Professor Bob Langer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has made significant breakthroughs in the field of biomedical engineering. But he hasn’t done it on his own. He has invited experts from around the world in different fields to form a global team to design new substances which can go inside the body, deliver medicines and then dissolve. Also at MIT, when Cesar Harada heard about the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, he quit his dream job there and tried to develop a more efficient way to remove the oil. But rather than focusing on profit, he decided to ‘open-source’ the design. He shared his own ideas on the web for free and then got experts from all around the world to contribute ideas and even donations. Thanks to this free, not-for-profit way of sharing ideas and intellectual property on the internet, a boat capable of cleaning oil quickly came into being. Obviously, international cooperation based on sharing information freely has produced innovative approaches to solving problems.

It appears that the days of brilliant individuals working in their garages on their own are over. Global teams with a united purpose building on everyone’s expertise can collectively do far more than one brilliant individual. Today’s world calls for global cooperators, sharers, and not protectors of ideas.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

假如你是李华，你收到你的外国笔友Jack的来信，说他在家上网课期间遇到了一些困扰，比如学习效率低，运动量小等。请你给他写一封回信，给他提一些建议。内容包括以下要点：
1.表示理解；
2.给出三条建议及理由；
3.表达希望。
注意：1.字数80左右；
2.开头和结尾已经给出不计入总词数。
Dear Jack,

How is everything going? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

假定你是李华，你的朋友Tom想参加学校图书馆举办的书友会，他写邮件给你提到他想读关于中国传统文化的书籍。请你给他回一封邮件，推荐《中国上下五千年》这本书，并说明推荐理由。
注意：
1.词数80左右，开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
提示词：《中国上下五千年》Five Thousand Years of Chinese Nation
Dear Tom,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。由于延期开学，你们学校组织了网上授课。请你根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，记述你上网课的过程。
注意：词数不少于 60。

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

谈判双方只关心各自利益，且对各自应承担的责任意见相左，至今未在该问题上达成共识。(result) (汉译英)

Transition. It’s a pleasant word and a calming concept. It means going surely and sweetly from somewhere present to somewhere future. Unless, that is, it is newspapers’ ‘transition’ to the _______ world, an uncertain and highly uncomfortable process.

Just look at the latest print circulation figures. The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian and many of the rest are down overall between 8% and 10% year-on-year, but their websites go ever higher.

All of that may well be true, depending on timing, geography and more. _______, everyone— from web academics to print analysis—says so. Yet pause for a while and count a few little things that don’t _______.

One is the magazine world, both in the UK and in the US. It ought to be _______, wrecked by the move to the tablets which fit existing magazine page sizes so perfectly. But, in fact, the rate of decline in magazine purchasing is relatively small, with subscriptions holding up strongly and advertising remarkable _______.

As for news and current affairs magazines — which you’d expect to find in the eye of the digital storm — they had a 8.4% increase to report. In short, on both sides of the Atlantic, although some magazine areas went down, many showed rapid growth.

You can discover a _______ phenomenon when it comes to books, Kindle and similar e-readers are booming, with sales up massively this year. The apparent first step of transition couldn’t be _______. Yet, when booksellers examined the value of the physical books they sold over the last six months, they found it just 0.4% down. Screen or paper, then? It wasn’t one or the other: it was _______.

So if sales in that area have fallen so little, perhaps the _______ mostly affects newspapers? Yet again, though, the messages are oddly ________. The latest survey of trends by the World Association of Newspapers shows that global circulation rose 1.1% last year (to 812 million copies a day). Sales in the West dropped back but Asia more than ________ the difference.

Already 360 US papers—including most of the biggest and best — have built paywalls around their products. However, the best way of attracting a paying readership appears to be a deal that offers the print copy and digital access as some kind of ________ package.

________, print is also a crucial tool in selling internet subscriptions. And its advertising rates raise between nine and ten times more money than online.

Of course this huge difference isn’t ________ news for newspaper companies, as maintaining both an active website and an active print edition is difficult, complex and expensive. But newspaper brands still have much of their high profile in print: a drift on the web, the job of just being ________ becomes far harder.

1．

A．publishing

B．online

C．ideal

D．unknown

2．

A．On the other hand

B．After all

C．To begin with

D．For instance

3．

A．stop

B．exist

C．emerge

D．fit

4．

A．regulated

B．advancing

C．collapsing

D．minimized

5．

A．solid

B．simple

C．creative

D．changeable

6．

A．cultural

B．common

C．scientific

D．similar

7．

A．later

B．harder

C．clearer

D．slower

8．

A．all

B．neither

C．both

D．either

9．

A．service

B．system

C．crisis

D．figure

10．

A．right

B．vague

C．designed

D．mixed

11．

A．made up

B．told apart

C．took over

D．held on

12．

A．joint

B．mysterious

C．modern

D．complex

13．

A．In other words

B．On the contrary

C．What’s more

D．Even so

14．

A．new

B．sad

C．big

D．good

15．

A．spared

B．updated

C．noticed

D．edited