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Contact between adolescents (between the ages of 15 and 19) and their peers (同龄人) is a universal characteristic of all cultures. However, the nature and the degree of such contact ________ a great deal. In American contemporary society, adolescents spend much more time with their peers than with ________ or adults.

This pattern of age segregation (隔离) in American society did not become usual until the beginning of the industrialized society. Changes in the ________separated children from adults, with adults working and children attending school. The dramatic increase of mothers in the workplace has ________ contributed to (促成) the reduction in the amount of time adolescents spend with adults. School reform efforts during the nineteenth century, which ________ age-segregated schools and grades, have reduced the amount of time adolescents spend with younger children. Finally, the changes in population are considered a(n)________that may have contributed to the emergence of adolescent peer culture. From 1955 to 1975, the adolescent ________ increased dramatically, from 11 percent to 20.9 percent. This increase in the number of adolescents might be a contributing factor to the ________ in adolescent peer culture in terms of growth in size as well as in terms of its impact on society’s other cultures.

Research ________ the view that adolescent s spend a great deal of time with their peers. Reed Larson and his colleagues examined adolescents’ daily ________ and found that they spend more time talking to their friends than engaging in any other activity. In a typical week, ________, high school students will spend twice as much time with their peers as with adults. This gradual withdrawal (退出) from adults begins in ________ adolescence. In sixth grade, adults (excluding parents) account for only 25 percent of adolescent social ________ . Another important characteristic of adolescent peer________ is its increasingly autonomous (自治的) function. While childhood peer groups are conducted under the close supervision (监管) of parents, adolescent peer groups typically make an effort to ________ adult supervision and usually succeed in doing so.

1．

A．reveal

B．vary

C．imply

D．prove

2．

A．younger children

B．professional teachers

C．close relatives

D．responsible researchers

3．

A．interest

B．attitude

C．workplace

D．age

4．

A．slightly

B．seldom

C．regularly

D．further

5．

A．resulted in

B．objected to

C．held back

D．checked out

6．

A．solution

B．factor

C．concern

D．argument

7．

A．spending

B．volunteers

C．partners

D．population

8．

A．increase

B．share

C．disappearance

D．selection

9．

A．opposes

B．doubts

C．supports

D．changes

10．

A．diets

B．activities

C．expenses

D．necessities

11．

A．in addition

B．as a result

C．in particular

D．for example

12．

A．late

B．typical

C．early

D．common

13．

A．pressure

B．networks

C．skills

D．background

14．

A．culture

B．pressure

C．respect

D．education

15．

A．develop

B．control

C．escape

D．apply

Directions: Complete the following sentences by using the words in the box. Each word in the box can only be used once. There are two words more than you need.

A. determined   B. delivered   C. signaled   D. inspired   E. reflected   F. designed

1．Since we are busy recently, we have our milk ________ every two days.
2．On the way back to the classroom, he ________ on what he had learned in the lab.
3．For most Chinese, the Lantern Festival ________ the end of this year’s Spring Festival and the return to work in the New Year.
4．Although her colleagues didn’t agree, she was ________ to put her new ideas into practice.

Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. inky   B. ashore   C. facility   D. worldwide   E. female   F. conclusions   G. double    H. confused I. Talk   J. preservation   K. typically

Several deep-sea fish have been mysteriously washed up on California’s beaches this year, leaving marine biologists 1．.

The latest Pacific football fish to be washed 2． in the state was spotted near Encinitas last Friday. A surfer found the strange fish dead on Swami’s Beach and alerted lifeguards, who then notified scientists. Scientist Ben Frable then collected the unusual animal for research and 3． purposes.

The fish is black, almost spherical in shape and has sharp teeth. It has a strange external body sticking out from its head with multiple branches, used to attract prey in the 4． blackness of the deep ocean.

The fish found on Swami’s Beach is a mature 5． measuring nearly 13 inches in length and weighing around 5.5 pounds.

Pacific football fish are very rarely seen considering that they are 6． found at depths of between 650 and 2,600 feet. Only 31 known fish have ever been collected 7．and it has never been seen in the wild, so scientists know very little about the species.

Despite the fact that the fish are rarely seen, three of them have been washed up on California’s beaches this year —including one that was spotted last month at Black’s Beach, north of San Diego. The three sightings this year 8． the total number of sightings on record in California, and it’s the 9． of the town among the experts working at the Los Angeles County Natural History Museum, which has four fish in its collection.

Despite the series of recent sightings, experts said, it’s hard to jump to any 10．about why this is happening.

Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

More than 25 years ago, a train took Saroo Brierley, a 4-year-old boy, a thousand miles across the country to a totally strange city. There, he 1． (bring) up by an Australian family and flew to Tasmania, Australia with them.

2． he writes in his new book, A Long Way Home, Brierley couldn’t help but wonder about his hometown back in India. He remembered landmarks, but since he didn’t know his town’s name, finding a small neighborhood in a vast country 3． (prove) to be impossible.

Then he found a digital mapping program. He spent years 4． (search) for his hometown in the program’s satellite pictures. In 2011, he came across 5． familiar. He studied it and realized he was looking at a town’s central business district 6． a bird’s-eye view. He thought “On the right-hand side you should see the three-platform train station”— and there it was. “And on the left-hand side you should see a big fountain” — and there it was. Everything just started to match.

When he stood in front of the house 7． he grew up as a child, he saw a lady standing in the entrance. “There’s something about me,” he thought — and it took him a few seconds but he finally remembered 8． she used to look like.

In an interview Brierley says, “My mother looked so much 9． (short) than I remembered. But she came forth and walked forward, and I walked forward, and my feelings and tears and the chemical in my brain, you know, it was like a nuclear fusion (核聚变). I just didn’t know what to say, 10． I never thought seeing my mother would ever come true. And here I am, standing in front of her.”

Equipped only with a pair of binoculars (双筒望远镜) and ready to spend long hours waiting in all weathers for a precious glance of a rare bullfinch (红腹灰雀). Britain’s birdwatchers had long been supposed to be lovers of a minority sport. But new figures show birdwatching is fast becoming a popular pastime, with almost three million of us absorbed in our fluttering feathered friends.

Devoted birdwatchers, those prepared to travel thousands of miles for a sighting of a rare Siberian bird, are fast being joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches (雀科鸣鸟) on a Sunday walk or putting up a bird-box in the back garden.

“Almost three million UK birdwatchers is certainly possible if you include everyone with only a casual interest,” Stephen Moss said in his newly published book -- A Bird in the Bush: a Social History of Birdwatching -- which records the pursuit from the rich Victorian Englishman’s love of shooting rare birds to the less offensive observational tendencies of birdwatchers today.

Television wildlife programmes have helped to fuel the new trend. Last summer, BBC 2’s Britain Goes Wild was a surprise success. It pulled in three million viewers and led to bird-houses selling out across the UK as 45,000 people promised to put up a box.

Birdwatchers’ networking system first came to the attention of the nation in 1989, when a birdwatcher caught sight of the first Vermivora chrysoptera -- a golden-winged songbird from North America -- to be seen in Britain. He put a message out on the network service Birdline, and next day 3,000 birdwatchers proved the full pull of a truly rare bird as they visited the Tesco car park in Kent, where it had settled. Today, birdwatchers can log on to www.birdline.co.uk or have news of the latest sightings texted to their phones.

“Multimillion-pound spending on binoculars, bird food and boxes point to the increasing numbers of birdwatchers,” said David Cromack, the editor of Bird Watching magazine, “The number of people involved is so big that they have great potential to influence government decisions affecting the environment.”

1．The word “satiated” in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”.

A．affected

B．shared

C．satisfied

D．narrowed

2．What happened after the message of seeing a Vermivora chrysoptera was put on the network?

A．Birdwatchers helped the rare bird settle in Kent.

B．Large numbers of birdwatchers went to view the bird.

C．Many birdwatchers logged on to the website for details.

D．Birdwatchers showed their determination to protect the rare bird.

3．Which of the following CANNOT be true according to the passage?

A．Television wildlife programmes started the popular pastime of birdwatching.

B．The network service has contributed to the rapid development of birdwatching.

C．Birdwatching in Britain was long considered a sport with a small group of followers.

D．The current situation of birdwatching may promote the protection of the environment.

4．The passage mainly tells us about ________ in UK.

A．the history of birdwatching	B．a growing passion for birdwatching
C．the impact of media on birdwatching	D．birdwatching as a popular expensive sport

Few things feel as painful as rejection. Rejection means not being invited to a friend's party. Rejection means having your actions criticized. Rejection means failure when you're trying to sell your idea. Every "no" indicates a door closed to you. 1．

Developing your self-confidence is key. Rejection is simply the reaction or opinion of another person. 2．Never think you are worthless or unlovable. What you should do is make a list of things you have done well or contributions you have made. Review them every day. Fill your nighttime and early morning brain with confidence.

Rejection will enhance （增加）whatever negative things you say to yourself. Even the most successful and confident people feel downhearted when rejected, but most of them never tell themselves how terrible they are. 3．Make sure what you say to yourself builds yourself up instead of tearing yourself down.

4． Instead, they view it as an opportunity to further understand human relationships and inner strength. They avoid the pain of rejection and put rejection into context （情境）.Using rejection to your advantage involves looking on every blow as a learning experience. It also involves learning and growing from negative voice.

5． You can feel the pain as you like, crying or locking yourself in, but don't let it become a long-term visitor. It is wise for you to respond positively and effectively.

A．Rejection is a learning experience.

B．It's powerless without your cooperation.

C．So you should practice positive self-talk.

D．It's normal to feel upset about rejection.

E．Therefore, it is vital to develop effective responses.

F．Rejection is beneficial to those who make full use of it.

G．Those who transform rejection understand it is not about experiencing loss.

Surfing: Famous Beaches, Famous Waves
North Shore, Oahu, Hawaii: Famous for being the birthplace of surfing

Wide, sandy beaches stretch nearly 20 miles along the Pacific Ocean. Between December and February, this surfing destination is suitable only for experienced surfers, as its big waves can reach 30 feet. In summer, the ocean can be almost completely flat, making it perfect for swimming.

Huntington Beach, California: Famous for the US Open of Surfing competition

This busy 8.5-mile-long beach attracts 8 million visitors a year for bodysurfing, boogie boarding （趴板冲浪）, and board surfing at every level, beginner to expert. At night, the beach’s fire pits （深坑） draw families as much as the waves do during the day. The best time for surfers is winter, when the swells can hit 15 feet.

Jeffreys Bay, South Africa: Famous for being the setting of the classic movie The Endless Summer

This area of the ocean may contain the most consistent waves on the planet, with some up to 10 feet. The best waves are between late May and late August. The beach sometimes closes because of sharks, but at other times, surfers are lucky enough to surf alongside dolphins.

Tamarindo, Costa Rica: Famous for being featured in the movie The Endless Summer Ⅱ

This beach has waves up to 12 feet high, which are good for long-boarders or short-boarders, beginners or experts, with the best waves from April to July. Bodysurfing is not recommended because of offshore rocks. The laid-back atmosphere and nearly perfect year-round weather make it feel like the California beaches of the 1950s.

1．The beach with the biggest waves is ______.

A．Oahu’s North Shore	B．Huntington Beach
C．Jeffreys Bay	D．Tamarindo

2．Jeffreys Bay and Tamarindo are both known for ______.

A．offshore rocks	B．competitions
C．movies	D．dolphins

3．How are North Shore and Huntington Beach similar?

A．Both beaches are the same length.

B．Both are suitable for all surfing levels.

C．The waves are both perfect for bodysurfing.

D．Winter is the best time to surf at both beaches.

4．What does the underlined word “laid-back” mean in English?

A．Worried.	B．Relaxed.
C．Excited.	D．Depressed.

5．The Huntington Beach information differs from the others in that it includes ______.

A．the height of the wave

B．the weather conditions

C．the best time to visit

D．the number of visitors each year

We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.
Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed—no examination is perfect — but to have no tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in schools or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the values and the purpose of each teacher.
Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them--- a form of favoritism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from ill-respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for the job, while the lack of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well-respected school. This defence of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child from a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school’s reputation, unable to compete with the child from the favored school.
The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer.
1．The underlined word “favoritism” in paragraph three is used to describe the phenomenon that _______.

A．bright children also need certificate to get satisfying jobs.

B．children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs.

C．poor children with certificates are favored in job markets.

D．children attending ordinary schools achieve great success.

2．What would happen if examinations were taken away according to the author?

A．Schools for bright children would lose their reputation.

B．There would be more opportunities and excellence.

C．Children from poor families would be able to change their schools.

D．Children’s job opportunity would be affected by their school reputation.

3．The opponents of the examination system will agree that _______.

A．jobs should not be assigned by systematic selection.

B．computers should be selected to take over many jobs.

C．special classes are necessary to keep the school standards.

D．schools that win academic subjects should be done away with.

4．The passage mainly focuses on __________.

A．schools and certificates.	B．examination and equality.
C．opportunity and employment.	D．standards and reputation.

Zachariah Fike has an unusual hobby. He finds old military(军队的) medals for sale in antique stores and on the Internet. But unlike most collectors, Zac tracks down the medals’ rightful owners, and returns them.

His effort to reunite families with lost medals began with a Christmas gift from his mother, a Purple Heart with the name Corrado A. G. Piccoli, found in an antique shop. Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Heart—he earned one himself in a war as a soldier. So when his mother gave him the medal, he knew right away what he had to do.

Through the Internet, Zac tracked down Corrado’s sister Adeline Rockko. But when he finally reached her, the woman flooded him with questions: “Who are you? What antique shop?” However, when she hung up, she regretted the way she had handled the call. So she called Zac back and apologized. Soon she drove to meet Zac in Watertown, N.Y. “At that point, I knew she meant business,” Zac says. “To drive eight hours to come to see me.”

The Piccolis grew up the children of Italian immigrants in Watertown. Corrado, a translator for the Army during WWII, was killed in action in Europe.

Before hearing from Zac, Adeline hadn’t realized the medal was missing. Like many military medals, the one Zac’s mother had found was a family treasure. “This medal was very precious to my parents. Only on special occasions(场合) would they take it out and let us hold it in our hands,” Adeline says.

As a child, Adeline couldn’t understand why the medal was so significant. “But as I grew older,” Adeline says, “and missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the only thing we had left.” Corrado Piccoli’s Purple Heart medal now hangs at the Italian American Civic Association in Watertown.

Zac recently returned another lost medal to a family in Alabama. Since he first reunited Corrado’s medal, Zac says his record is now 5 for 5.

1．Where did Zac get a Purple Heart medal for himself？

A．In the army.

B．In an antique shop.

C．From his mother.

D．From Adeline Rockko.

2．What did Zac realize when Adeline drove to meet him？

A．She was very impolite.

B．She was serious about the medal.

C．She suspected his honesty.

D．She came from a wealthy family.

3．What made Adeline treasure the Purple Heart?

A．Her parents’ advice.

B．Her knowledge of antiques.

C．Her childhood dream.

D．Her memory of her brother.